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Finance, Credit, Investments – Economical Categories

Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:

1) “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2) “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.

First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.

This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.

Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.

V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.

In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:
“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.
“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.
As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.
In every discussed position there are:

1) expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;

2) the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.

3) Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.

If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”. in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.

“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.
“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.

We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person” . “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place” .

These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.

Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.

N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.
Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.
In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.

Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.

We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.

Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:
“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.
Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.
Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.

Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

o Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;

o The loaning of money may bear no interest;

o Any person may take part in it.
With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:

o One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;

o It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);

o In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).
So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.
Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:

a) Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);

b) Its opportune returning;

c) Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.
The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).
From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.

From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.

From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for influxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.

From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.
Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.

Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.
In the discussing context we consider:

1) wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;

2) discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;

3) discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.
Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.
We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.

Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.

The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.
Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.

Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.
Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.

We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.

A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):

- economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;

- providing high rates of economical growth;

- raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:

a) by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b) by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;

c) by improving their technological structure;

d) by optimization of their further production structure.

Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments – the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.

“Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.
“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”

In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves):

a) creating new ones;

b) widening;

c) reconstruction;

d) renewing.

Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.

You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.

They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.

“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.
Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.

“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).

“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”

In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:

- less then 6 months – quick compensative;

- from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;

- more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.

We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.

We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.
What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?

There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph , even if it has a title investment, as an economical category , there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only – definition”.

But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.
Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.

Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.
In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, – a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.
Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.

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S&P 500 Biotech Giant Vertex Leads 5 Stocks Showing Strength

Your stocks to watch for the week ahead are Cheniere Energy (LNG), S&P 500 biotech giant Vertex Pharmaceuticals (VRTX), Cardinal Health (CAH), Steel Dynamics (STLD) and Genuine Parts (GPC).

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While the market remains in correction, with analysts and investors wary of an economic downturn, these five stocks are worth adding to watchlists. S&P 500 medical giants Vertex and Cardinal Health have been holding up, as health-care related plays tend to do well in down markets.

Steel Dynamics and Genuine Parts are both coming off strong earnings as both the steel and auto parts industries report optimistic outlooks. Meanwhile, Cheniere Energy saw sales boom in the second quarter as demand in Europe for natural gas continues to grow.

Major indexes have been making rally attempts with the Dow Jones and S&P 500 testing weekly support on Friday. With market uncertainty, investors should be ready for follow-through day breakouts and keep an eye on these stocks.

Cheniere Energy, Cardinal Health and VRTX stock are all on IBD Leaderboard.

Cheniere Energy Stock
LNG shares rose 1.1% to 175.79 during Friday’s market trading. On the week, the stock advanced 3.1%, not from highs, bouncing from its 21-day and 10-week lines earlier in the week.

Cheniere Energy has been consolidating since mid-September, but needs another week to forge a proper base, with a potential 182.72 buy point formed on Aug. 10.

Houston-based Cheniere Energy was IBD Stock Of The Day on Thursday, as the largest U.S. producer of liquefied natural gas eyes strong demand in Europe.

Even though natural gas prices are plunging in the U.S. and Europe, investors still see strong LNG demand for Cheniere and others.

The U.K. government confirmed last week that it is in talks for an LNG purchase agreement with a number of companies, including Cheniere.

In the first half of 2021, less than 40% of Cheniere’s cargoes of LNG landed in Europe. That jumped to more than 70% through this year’s second quarter, even as the company ramped up new export capacity. The urgency of Europe’s natural gas shortage only intensified last month. That is when an explosion disabled the Nord Stream 1 pipeline from Russia that had once supplied 40% of the European Union’s natural gas.

In Q2, sales increased 165% to $8 billion and LNG earned $2.90 per share, up from a net loss of $1.30 per share in Q2 2021. The company will report Q3 earnings Nov. 3, with investors seeing booming profits for the next few quarters.

Cheniere Energy has a Composite Rating of 84. It has a 98 Relative Strength Rating, an exclusive IBD Stock Checkup gauge for share price movement with a 1 to 99 score. The rating shows how a stock’s performance over the last 52 weeks holds up against all the other stocks in IBD’s database. The EPS rating is 41.

Vertex Stock
VRTX stock jumped 3.4% to 300 on Friday, rebounding from a test of its 50-day moving average. Shares climbed 2.2% for the week. Vertex stock has formed a tight flat base with an official buy point of 306.05, according to MarketSmith analysis.

The stock has remained consistent over recent weeks, while the relative strength line has trended higher. The RS line tracks a stock’s performance vs. the S&P 500 index.

Vertex Q3 earnings are on due Oct. 27. Analysts see EPS edging up 1% to $3.61 per share with sales increasing 16% to $2.2 billion, according to FactSet.

The Boston-based global biotech company dominates the cystic fibrosis treatment market. Vertex also has other products in late-stage clinical development that target sickle cell disease, Type 1 diabetes and certain genetically caused kidney diseases. That includes a gene-editing partnership with Crispr Therapeutics (CRSP).

In early August, Vertex reported better-than-expected second-quarter results and raised full-year sales targets.

S&P 500 stock Vertex ranks second in the Medical-Biomed/Biotech industry group. VRTX has a 99 Composite Rating. Its Relative Strength Rating is 94 and its EPS Rating is 99.

CRISPR Stocks: Will Concerns Over Risk Inhibit Gene-Editing Cures?

Cardinal Health Stock
CAH stock advanced 3.2% to 73.03 Friday, clearing a 71.22 buy point from a shallow cup-with-handle base and hitting a record high. But volume was light on the breakout. CAH stock leapt 7.3% for the week.

Cardinal Health stock’s relative strength line has also been trending up for months.

The cup-with-handle base is part of a base-on-base pattern, forming just above a cup base cleared on Aug. 11.

Cardinal Health, based in Dublin, Ohio, offers a wide assortment of health care services and medical supplies to hospitals, labs, pharmacies and long-term care facilities. The company reports that it serves around 90% of hospitals and 60,000 pharmacies in the U.S.

S&P 500 stock Cardinal Health will report Q1 2023 earnings on Nov. 4. Analysts forecast earnings falling 26% to 96 cents per share. Sales are expected to increase 10% to $48.3 billion, according to FactSet.

Cardinal Health stock ranks first in the Medical-Wholesale Drug/Supplies industry group, ahead of McKesson (MCK), which is also showing positive action. CAH stock has a 94 Composite Rating out of 99. It has a 97 Relative Strength Rating and an EPS rating of 73.

Steel Dynamics Stock
STLD shares shot up 8.5% to 92.92 on Friday and soared 19% on the week, coming off a Steel Dynamics earnings beat Wednesday night.

Shares blasted above an 88.72 consolidation buy point Friday after clearing a trendline Thursday. STLD stock is 17% above its 50-day line, definitely extended from that key average.

Steel Dynamics’ latest consolidation could be seen as part of a larger base going back six months.

Steel Dynamics topped Q3 earnings views with EPS rising 10% to $5.46 while revenue grew 11% to $5.65 billion. The steel producer’s outlook is optimistic despite weaker flat rolled steel pricing. STLD reports its order activity and backlogs remain solid.

The Fort Wayne, Indiana-based company is among the largest producers of carbon steel products in the U.S. It engages in metal recycling operations along with steel fabrication and produces myriad steel products.

How Millett Grew Steel Dynamics From A Three Employee Business

STLD stock ranks first in the Steel-Producers industry group. STLD stock has a 96 Composite Rating out of 99. It has a 90 Relative Strength Rating, an exclusive IBD Stock Checkup gauge for share-price movement that tops at 99. The rating shows how a stock’s performance over the last 52 weeks holds up against all the other stocks in IBD’s database. The EPS rating is 98.

Genuine Parts Stock
GPC stock gained 2.8% to 162.35 Friday after the company topped earnings views with its Q3 results on Thursday. For the week GPC advanced 5.1% as the stock held its 50-day line and is in a flat base.

GPC has an official 165.09 flat-base buy point after a three-week rally, according to MarketSmith analysis.

The relative strength line for Genuine Parts stock has rallied sharply to highs over the past several months.

On Thursday, the Atlanta-based auto parts company raised its full-year guidance on growth across its automotive and industrial sales.

Genuine Parts earnings per share advanced 19% to $2.23 and revenue grew 18% to $5.675 billion in Q3. GPC’s full-year guidance is now calling for EPS of $8.05-$8.15, up from $7.80-$7.95. The company now forecasts revenue growth of 15%-16%, up from the earlier 12%-14%.

During the Covid pandemic, supply chain constraints caused a major upheaval in the auto industry, sending prices for new and used cars to record levels. This has made consumers more likely to hang on to their existing vehicles for longer, driving mileage higher and boosting demand for auto replacement parts.

Fellow auto stocks O’Reilly Auto Parts (ORLY) and AutoZone (AZO) have also rallied near buy points amid the struggling market. O’Reilly reports on Oct. 26.

IBD ranks Genuine Parts first in the Retail/Wholesale-Auto Parts industry group. GPC stock has a 96 Composite Rating. Its Relative Strength Rating is 94 and it has an EPS Rating of 89.

Building Business Credit – What To Look For When Building Business Credit

I first want to thank you for taking the time to read this free report about building business credit, we provide this report to anyone without requiring you to sign up for anything. No need to join our newsletter, no need to speak to a sales representative, no need to do anything. We feel that this information is so important that you should have it without condition. We hope this information will help you choose a company and more importantly stay away from companies that put your company and your hard earned money at risk.Before you choose a company we recommend that you do your homework. We did just that with several companies and we were shocked with the results.PANDERINGThe first issue that came up is that most of the companies in our opinion pander to their potential customer. This means that they will say anything in order to make the sale. For example; If you call some of the popular companies and tell them that you would like to build credit on your company and that your company operates from home would that be okay? A truthful answer would be that you can build credit but will be extremely limited in how much credit you will achieve. If you just take a moment to think about it, a bank will not give a home based business nearly as much credit as they would a company working out of an office or even a virtual office. These companies will pander to you and tell you “Yes, you can build business credit working from home” that’s it!! They leave out the limitations because they don’t want to scare you off.It is our opinion that our customers are seeking large credit lines and don’t want to be mislead into thinking they can have something when in fact they cannot. We feel that it is important for our customers to make educated decisions. We will never sugar coat our recommendations, we will give you our recommendations and provide you with other options that are available, we will then explain those options and what type of results you can expect from them. With us you will always have the ability to make an educated decision. We will not let you make an uneducated decision that can cause permanent harm to your companies long term goals.FRAUD, MISREPRESENTATION, and FALSE ADVERTISINGThe bigger and scarier issue that we uncovered while researching these companies is what we consider Fraud, misrepresentation, and false advertising.We found one company that charged about $20,000 to build a company with credit. We had some hope in them as they seemed to be the only company that utilized an advanced methodology when building business credit. Unfortunately, when we searched further we found that the owner of this company is a defendant in a $100,000,000 lawsuit and has had newspaper articles written in major newspapers that highlighted his companies questionable practices. These articles have caused major credit bureaus to key in on his business practices, will DnB be one of them? Do you really want to be associated with a company that can lose everything in a lawsuit who has a target on their back for questionable practices?We found another company that claimed to have a patent on building business credit. They even have a patent number on their website with a link to the US patent office. I followed the link and typed in the patent number they had touted all over their website and wouldn’t you know it the patent has been long denied. This company is actually counting on customers not checking the references they have on their website. If they are willing to blatantly lie about a patent what else are they willing to do?We also found several companies claiming to be partnered with the IRS, This seems like an endorsement but if you did a little research you will find that the IRS does have a partnership program. This “partnership” program allows the partner to link to tax educational articles on the IRS website. Yes this is a partnership but it is NOT an IRS endorsement in any way, shape or form which several of these companies seem to imply. They are betting on you being naive and not checking. To me this is misrepresentation and fraud.Good for the GooseI feel that this issue is the most amusing. There are several companies that offer to build your credit which means they should at least be able to get you set up with Dun and Bradstreet and ultimately get you credit on your company. Well, would you believe that many of these companies do not even have a DnB file in existence. That’s right they tell you how important it is to build business credit but they don’t even have a DnB file themselves. They also tell you to get your phone number listed in a national telephone directory and they are not listed, is it only important for you to look legitimate? You can go to http://www.dnb.com and search for our company and others and see who has a DnB file. You can also go to http://www.superpages.com and look up our company “TD Financial Products Inc.” Land O Lakes, Florida and see our listing as well as their’s, if they have one. This is most likely just an oversight on their part but I just find it amusing.Overview of Background informationWe ask that you do your homework on any company you are considering doing business with….including us!!To do your homework at least do the following1.Search the company name on Google and look for problems 2.Search the owner names on Google and look for problems 3.Search Dun and Bradstreet and see if they have a file 4.Search superpages and see if they have a listing 5.Look for unresolved complaints with the BBB (The BBB will keep records even if a company is not a member company) 6.Look for complains on fraud websites (eg. http://www.ripoffreport.com )Now that you have done some basic homework on a company now you can call them. When you call them have the following list of questions ready. But before you start asking them questions ask yourself some.What do I want in a business credit consultant? Do I want One on One Consultation or am I okay with just email communication and/or reading books and listening to CD’s? Do I want to pay a lot of upfront money? Do I want large “bank” credit lines or am I okay with just “trade” (store) credit Do I want someone to do all the work for me, ending up with a company that has good credit, but, not knowing exactly how it achieved good credit and how I could repeat the process and get even more credit on the next company Do I want a company to answer “Yes” to every inquiry I have even though the “Yes” really is a “Yes, but…..” Am I 100% confident that my personal credit score meets the underwriters guidelines (score is not all they look for)Now that you have answered what it is you want you can now ask the hard questions of your credit consultantAre you providing me with personal coaching or will I be reading books and listening to pre-recorded material?We used to provide you with the option of purchasing a book with audio CD’s but we have found that nearly 90% of people who purchase these items end up coming back to us for personal coaching. The figure is so high because, if you think about it, EVERY business is different and it is IMPOSSIBLE to account for every specific situation in a book. The process of establishing business credit is so specific to your company and your type of business that books and CD’s rarely answer all possible questions. Books and CD’s are very good at providing you with basic information but books get outdated as soon as they are published. Underwriting guidelines change weekly and it would be impossible to keep a book updated.Will your company ever call me to upsell me into a better business credit coaching product?Companies that are going to upsell you will not provide you with all the information you need with your first purchase. If you are comparing our pricing with a company that will ultimately upsell you make sure you compare pricing based on the highest level of coaching they provide. Our business credit coaching package is out best package available. We don’t sell any other coaching packages no less and no more, we provide all of our coaching in one package. Our belief is who wants to pay for a job halfway done. What if your doctor said he will only charge you $500 to start brain surgery and while you are on the table he says it will be another $50,000 to finish up. Do you really have a choice? Business credit consultants know that if you invested a certain amount in their basic course the chances of you leaving them for another company and “losing your investment” is very low. They take advantage of this and offer you an “option” to upgrade later.Can I build credit on a S Corp or as a Sole Proprietorship?This is a question that will let you know if the business credit consultant is being honest with you or just “pandering”. The answer to this question should be “Yes, BUT, you won’t be able to get any REAL credit or TOTAL CORPORATE SEPARATION”. Lenders look at S-Corps and Sole Proprietors as small time businesses and WILL NOT lend large amounts of money to these types of companies. Even with perfect personal credit you will rarely get credit lines in excess of $10,000 and you will never be able to waive a personal guarantee. If your “Consultant” tells you otherwise they are just trying to “SELL” you. We walk you through the process of analyzing your current profile to make sure there are no RED FLAGS that will stop you from getting the large credit lines you are seeking. If you have an S Corp or Sole Proprietorship we will show you how to convert it to the desired structure without losing the valuable age associated with it.How much credit can I get?You will have to listen to this answer very carefully. Most unscrupulous consultants will provide you with a large number like $250,000. What they “conveniently” leave out is that most, if not all, of the credit you get is TRADE credit. This means you will have $250,000 in credit but you have to buy products from specific vendors. Do you need access to $50,000 in office supplies? Trade credit does have its place but most of our customers are building credit so they can get unsecured “BANK” credit. Bank credit is a line of credit or credit card that you can use to purchase whatever you want. Don’t be fooled by high dollar promises. Our process of building credit includes trade credit so that we can quickly get you an 80 PayDex score. Once you have this score you will be ready to get unsecured bank credit.My company is not yet 2 years old, does that matter?This is another question that is usually answered unscrupulously. Most “BANK” credit requires you to be in business 2 years. You will be able to develop credit with a younger company but you won’t get the “Bank” credit you desire. Our program has 2 ways that will allow you meet the banks 2 year requirement. One is the use of optional aged shelf corporations and the other is by creating a company history.Does my personal credit score matter?The answer to this question is based on what you are trying to do. If you are trying to get unsecured bank credit you will need to have good personal credit. If you are okay with just trade credit then you can get hundreds of thousands in trade credit without a personal guarantee. Our programs will show you how to get the unsecured bank credit without your personal guarantee **Full Disclosure** You will need somebody to act as personal guarantor in the first several years of your business. We will also provide you with free personal credit coaching so you can bring your credit scores up if that is what you need.I have a 700 credit score, can you guarantee that I get $XX,XXX in cash credit lines?If a business credit consultant tell you yes to this question without further qualifying you they are lying. ALL loans rely on more than just your credit score. They rely on your debt to limit ratios on your existing credit and recent inquiries. They also rely on several other items and shouldn’t even be answered by a business credit consultant. These type of qualification questions should be only answered by a lender or a business loan brokerAre any of the trade references you help me get/provide large trade references?When most credit consultants work on your business credit they will provide you with a list of 25-50 companies and have you apply for as many as you can. The average credit line you will be approved for is $500 – $5,000. When you ultimately go to apply for a loan with a bank to get your large credit lines you will quickly find out that they will deny you because you have no history on your credit file of paying of a high credit loan. We have the availability to provide you with at least 3 unsecured trade references that will report a Trade line of up to $100,000What is your pricing?When comparing pricing you want to make sure you are comparing apples to apples – I can easily sell you books and materials for a few hundred dollars and compare it to full blown one on one coaching. Obviously the books and materials will seem cheaper. They, however, won’t get you the same results. We recommend deciding on the method of service you would like.Do you want books and materials only, personal one on one coaching, or a completed product handed to you? Once you decide on the general product then you can compare costs. Just make sure you add in the extras if they are applicable like aged corporations, large credit lines, personal credit coaching etc.Can I pay the bulk of your fees with the credit lines you will help me get?Most companies will not offer this option. Is it because they fail to provide actual “cash” credit lines? Will they not take your $10,000 Staples card as payment? We are so confident in our product that we let you pay the bulk of it only after you achieve success. We even finance the initial deposit for you. Is there another company that will do any one on one personal coaching (even using outdated basic methodology) with you and allow you to pay just $299.00 upfront? The short answer is NOAre there any other third party expenses?This is also another tricky one that most companies will try to avoid. We feel that some of these third party expenses can add up quickly and must be disclosed so you can make an informed decision. The types of expenses you will incur in the building credit process are as followsCompliance Costs – Sometimes you will have to pay state fees to get compliant (eg. Licenses, permits, corporation fees etc) Legitimacy Costs – Banks want you to be a legitimate business, you can’t be a legitimate business if you work out of the back of your truck. You will have expenses related to becoming “legitimate” Credit Building Costs – To build credit you typically have to buy stuff, buying stuff costs money. You also may have to pay third party fees to the credit bureaus so they can build your credit fileThe actual costs for these items range greatly based on your specific situation, type of business, state you are operating in, types of credit lines you want and items you buy. With every step we will offer you options that range from low cost and free to high cost. With each option we explain the positives and negatives and allow you to make an educated decision based on your needs and budget.Will you be my coach?Are you talking to a professional salesman or to the person who will be coaching you? Remember every company and situation is going to be different. How will someone who is not a coach be able to tell you that their coaching will work for you. These salesman do NOT know how to build credit, they are working on commission and their only goal is to “SELL” you. We talk to everyone before they decide to use our services. If we relied on salespeople that might “conveniently” leave things out we would be dealing with customer service issues all the time. Since our coaches are the ones that speak to you right from the start there will never be any broken promises and/or finger pointing.Shelf Corporations – If you are using another service to provide you with a shelf corporation make sure you ask this questionWill you guarantee that Dun and Bradstreet will not re-age this company when I try to build business credit on it and basically turn my aged shelf corporation into a brand new company?Dun and Bradstreet will re-age your aged shelf corporation if they see a transfer in ownership in the public records. We create our aged shelf corporations in a way that avoids re-aging. If you purchase an aged shelf corporation from us and let us help you build business credit on it we will warrant that if your company is re-aged by Dun and Bradstreet we will create a new company for you.Trade lines – If you are using another service to provide you with Trade lines make sure you ask these questionsWhat type of Trade line are you selling me?Authorized User – Authorized user accounts are temporary in nature, they usually last on your credit report for about 6 months and that is IF it ever makes it to your credit report to begin with. You must also be aware that many authorized user Trade line companies have gone out of business and there are several still out there selling a dream. You also want to keep in mind that lenders know about the authorized user loophole and have effectively closed it. If you are using the authorized user account to get credit you may be surprised to know that the lender will most likely rescore your credit file to remove the benefit you received from the authorized user trade line.Primary Account – A primary account is okay only if it is a NEW account and you are making payments, If you are added to an old “seasoned” account you are committing fraud if and when you apply for a loan. Worse yet the lenders have fraud departments that are looking for companies who provide “fake” credentials. One company in particular was opened by a ex-mortgage broker and is on the radar of the credit bureaus and underwriting departments. Imagine if you actually get a loan and have one of these “fraudulent” accounts on your credit and several years go by and you find yourself in financial distress and wind up defaulting on the loan. Do not think for a second that the lender you defaulted one will not come after you for fraud it happens everyday with people who provide fake paystubs, fake bank statements, and yes it can happen if you provide a fake trade reference. The company that is being sued for $100,000,000 issued and are still issuing seasoned primary trade lines.Our primary trade accounts are legit accounts. You are provided a NEW account, it is serviced my a fortune 100 servicing company, and you make monthly payments, if you are late you are reported late, if you are on time you are reported on time.Who do they report to?On personal credit you want your Trade line to report to at least 2 credit bureaus. In business credit you want it to report to at least Dun and Bradstreet. Our primary Trade lines report to 2 personal credit bureaus or 2 business credit bureausWe hope this information was found to be valuable to you and we hope you ultimately choose to do business with us. If you ultimately choose someone else and they fail you we will give you $100 off our service if you share your story with us.